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Ch 20

Page history last edited by Lauren Watson 15 years, 4 months ago

Chapter 20

DNA Technology and Genomics

 

Genetic engineering is a controversial subject to most people. Genetic engineering can be used to make produce larger and more abundant or it could be used to make the perfect child. By adding the human growth hormone to fruit, they grow larger than "organic" fruits of their kind. We could also take that same hormone and give it to someone with a growth disorder to help them grow. Genetic engineering has many possibilities for what it can be used for, it is just a matter of what science will apply it to. (ramey)

 

 Restriction enzymes are enzymes that cut DNA moecules at a limited number of specific locations. These enzymes cut up foreign DNA to protect the cell that it tries to intrude. (ramey)

 

 Recombinant DNA is DNA in which nulceotide sequences from two different sources, often different speicies, are combined in vitro into the same DNA molecule. Methods for making recombinant DNA are central to genentric engineering.

Genetic Engineering is the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes.

(Fernandez)Campbell, Neil A.. AP Edition Biology. 7th. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2005.

 Biotechnology is the manipulation of organism or thier components to make useful products.

examples

  • the use of microbes to make wine and cheese
  • selective breeding of livestock
  • use of bacteria to digest oil spills

(Fernandez)

Campbell, Neil A.. AP Edition Biology. 7th. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2005.

 

  • Pladmids play a big part in biotechnology.  Plasmids hold accessory genes from cells that are going to have DNA inserted into such things as a bacterium.  Which are than used to reproduce the plasmid with the gene that is inserted. (Thomas Dreher)

 

 

Campbell, Neil A., and Jane B. Reece.  AP Edition: Biology.  7th ed.  San Francisco: Pearson: Benjamin Cummings, 2005.

 

Gene cloning is the process in which portions of DNA are copied.  The most common approach places foreign DNA inside a plasmis, which has been isolated in the cell.  This plasmid now has recombinant DNA, and is returned to the cell where it makes a clone.  Clones are useful for making many copies of a specific gene and to make specific proteins.  (Evan Johnson)

 

Campbell, Neil A., and Jane B. Reece.  AP Edition: Biology.  7th ed.  San Francisco: Pearson: Benjamin Cummings, 2005.

 

This picture demonstrates gene cloning. (Ciana Fahnbulleh)

 

gene cloning.[Online image]Availableuniverse-review.ca/F10-multicell.htm, November 25,2008

 

DNA Cloning and its Applications: A Preview

Cloned genes have two purposes. They make many copies of a certain gene ot produce a portein product. They can make an organism endowed with a new metabolic capability. For example, pest resistance is a capability. Genes can be used to alter bacteria to clean toxic waste. They can make protein that can dissolve blood clots in heart attack patiens. they can also make human growth hormone that treat people with stunted growth.(Ciana Fahnbulleh)

 

 

DNA Microarray Assay – method in which thousands of genes can be tested simultaneously to determine which ones are expressed in a particular tissue, under different environmental conditions in various disease states, or at different developmental stages. (Harris)

 

Superman has Trioxyribonucleic acid (better known as TNA) and had 2 RFLP's before the allele that can cause one to become deathly ill when they come in contact with kryptonite, which leads us to believe that he indeed had kryptoniosis (disease in which one crumbles to their knees and eventually to the fetal position if kept in contact with kryptonite).

 

http://www.watchingamerica.com/images/superman_pic.jpeg(Harris)

http://www.watchingamerica.com/images/superman_pic.jpeg

 

Gene Therapy – type of therapy that deals with treating disorders traceable to a single defective gene by altering the afflicted gene of a person (Harris) 

 

Stoirng Clone Genes in DNA Libraries

The complete set of plasmid clones, each carrying copies of a particular segmnet from the initial genome, is referred to a genomic library. It is a collection of many bacterial or phage clones.(Ciana Fahnbulleh)

 

Campbell, Neil A., and Jane B. Reece. AP Edition: Biology. 7th ed. San Francisco:Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2005. 

The picture demnstrates a genomic library. (Ciana Fahnbulleh)

 

genomic library.[Online image]Availablewww.accessexcellence.org, November 25, 2008

 

Restricion enzymes are enzymes that protect the cell againt foreign DNA by cutting it up in a process called restriction.  Each enzyme is very specific, and correlates with a specific restriction site on the DNA strand.  The cell is protected from its own restriction enzymes from methyl groups.  (Evan Johnson)

 

Campbell, Neil A., and Jane B. Reece.  AP Edition: Biology.  7th ed.  San Francisco: Pearson: Benjamin Cummings, 2005.

 

The Human Genome Project was a world wide project that was used to determine the location of the 100,000 estimated genes of the human genome.  Scientists also planned to determine the location of genes on other "model organisms" to help us better understand what genes affect each function of the human body.  This project was also expected to be able to be a source used to help, in the biomedical field, cure many diseased that affect genes in humans.  The Human Genome Project started in 1990 and was expected to take minimum of 15 years.  It was finished in about 2000 about 5 years before expected. (Thomas Dreher)

 

 

RFLP’s are restriction enzymes which appear before certain genes.  If a segment of DNA contains one RFLP’s before the allele then the person probably does not have the certain disease that segment of DNA could cause.  If the segment of DNA has two RFLP’s before the allele then there is a high probability that the person has the disease that the certain allele causes. (Harris)

 

"Human Genome Project Information." gemomics.energy.gov. 29 Oct 2003. Human Genome Management Information. 24 Nov 2008 <http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/project.shtml>. 

 

http://www.fiu.edu/~ifri/FDPF/Thao/myweb/new_pa4.gif(Harris)

http://www.fiu.edu/~ifri/FDPF/Thao/myweb/new_pa4.gif

 

 

Autoradiographs are used in murder cases to determine whether or not the DNA from the scene of the crime match the DNA of a suspect.  (Harris)

 

Gel electrophoresis separated molecules according to size, charge and other physical properties.  Since nucleic acid molecules are negative they all move toward the positive charged end.  When they move the shorter strands move faster then the larger strands which causes them to separate into groups of different sizes. (Thomas Dreher)

  • Thanks to new scientific advances, gel electrophoresis is becoming a less tedious and difficult process. For example, some new electrophoresis machines enable you to simply insert your DNA strains and begin! (video) WATSON.

 

 

 

DNA Fingerprinting- selected portions of DNA are tested and the specific patterns of bands that show up on an autoradiograph are the DNA fingerprint (Harris)

 

 Campbell, Neil A., and Jane B. Reece.  AP Edition: Biology.  7th ed.  San Francisco: Pearson: Benjamin Cummings, 2005. 

 

 

***Chapter 20 Review Questions***

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